generated a streamer discharge in a bubble and observed the oscillation of the bubble surface 13. When the PTW temperature increases by Joule heating from the discharge current, the enhanced evaporation expands the transition region.Ī number of works have reported the distortion of the liquid surface by plasmas. This transition can be observed adjacent to the liquid surface. The difference of ionization energy or the attachment rate of evaporated H 2O to ambient discharge gas species is also able to change the plasma. We also studied the transition of the plasma shape from a ring-shaped bullet to a pin-like streamer adjacent to a liquid surface due to the evaporation of the liquid 11. The long-term transition of plasma and liquid properties is important in both the understanding of the plasma discharge mechanism and the development of plasma sources for applications. The increase of PTW electrical conductivity means a low-current resistor thus, the plasma can transit from glow to arc via abnormal. The dissolved electrolyte ions increase the electrical conductivity of PTW 10. Plasma dissolves electrolyte ions into the plasma treated water (PTW). The role of PTW in electronic components is as a resistor, so the solid electrode-to-liquid electrode discharge system is called as a “resistive barrier discharge” 12. We have focused on the transition of plasma and liquid properties during the long-term over tens of minutes 10. In our previous work 8, 9, 10, 11, we found the liquid target is also an important factor to determine the characteristics of plasmas. Furthermore, the effects on plasma characteristics are more severe in the case of a liquid target rather than a solid target because of density change of electrolyte ions in the liquid target, easy evaporation from the liquid target surface and the surface deformation of the liquid target. It is well-known phenomena that impurities from the treatment target change the characteristics of low-pressure plasmas like electron density and electron temperature 7. In biological and agricultural applications, the interactions between plasmas and surfaces of liquid targets are very important issues. This is well-known as nitrogen fixation, which is important for fertilization in agriculture. In particular, pin-to-liquid discharge generates abundant nitric oxide species from humid air. In recent decades, plasma application has broadened from the semiconductor industry to living organisms: surgery 1, meat treatment 2, microorganism removal in sea water 3, plasma-based water purification 4, periodontitis treatment 5, and agriculture 6.
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